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{"id":3687,"date":"2022-01-10T09:57:32","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T09:57:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/antenna\/iot_m2m_times_09_01_22-2\/"},"modified":"2022-01-30T10:55:13","modified_gmt":"2022-01-30T10:55:13","slug":"nb-iot_and_lte_part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/antenna\/nb-iot_and_lte_part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy-saving with NB-IoT and LTE-M part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”section” _builder_version=”3.22″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_row admin_label=”row” _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” _builder_version=”4.14.5″ background_color=”#FFFFFF” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]
<\/p>\n
In this series of three blog articles, adapted from the IoT M2M Times, we take a closer look at the energy consumption of NB-IoT and LTE-M. On their own, these physical layer standards do not deliver energy savings. The IoT developer has to choose the right AT commands and the right protocol with the right strategy for their chosen application. Sometimes as a result we have to do without NB-IoT and LTE-M and take a different path. We hope that you have fun reading and learning.<\/p>\n
In this first article we compare NB-IoT\/LTEM with GSM.\u00a0 In a nutshell, GSM was developed for voice communication and NB-IoT \/ LTEM was developed for data transmission, the different design objectives play out clearly in IoT applications to the advantage of one approach.<\/p>\n
So, what can GSM do?<\/strong><\/p>\n The original goal of GSM was a digital radio network for voice communication without the known problems of analogue radio networks. All carriers for transmitting data were added later.<\/p>\n In 1979, the 900 MHz frequency range was reserved for an unnamed mobile radio system for voice communication. This range was later extended to 1800 MHz in Europe and 850 MHz and 1900 MHz in the USA. In 1982, the CEPT (Conf\u00e9rence Europ\u00e9enne des Postes et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications) set up a working group called the “Groupe Sp\u00e9ciale Mobile”, or GSM for short. The goal was to develop a European mobile radio system. With the later worldwide spread of the technology, the meaning of GSM was changed to “Global System for Mobile Communications”. It was not until 1995 that fax, Circuit Switch Data (CSD), Short Message Service (SMS) and other functions were added in a second phase for data transmission. The packet-switched data service General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was only added in 2000. GPRS enabled access to the Internet. After that came EGPRS.<\/p>\n Saving energy with GSM\/GPRS<\/strong><\/p>\n In order for a GSM\/GPRS device to communicate it must be switched on. If an IoT device based on GPRS stays switched on in receive mode, it requires a constant current of 5 mA. With this current being continuously drawn, the battery is drained after only a few days. The only way to reduce energy consumption is to switch off the device. If the IoT device is switched off, an energy-hungry re-registration to the GSM\/GPRS network is necessary when it is switched on again. An IoT device based on GPRS therefore can only operate in three modes: switched on to receive, switched on to transmit and switched off.<\/p>\n So what is NB-IoT?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n NB-IoT is a radio network within a radio network. It is operated in the same frequency band as LTE. NB-IoT was specified from the start to operate on battery power and cannot transmit voice communication.<\/p>\n The history of NB-IoT from 2014<\/strong><\/p>\n In 2014, Neul, a VC-based startup in Cambridge in the UK came up with the idea for a scalable, secure, robust and economical region-wide radio technology for network operators. For this purpose, the radio protocol for the licence-free band called Weightless was selected by the company. The existing protocol was adapted to use the licence-required bands of mobile radio. The goal was network services for small devices with low power consumption and connection to the cloud. Compared to GPRS, this new technology had a 20 dB higher link budget and thus better network coverage. The radio technology could operate in any frequency band below 1 GHz. Such a Neul-Weightless network required a frequency spectrum of only 180 kHz operating as a network within the network. This meant that a GSM subcarrier or 200 kHz from within the LTE spectrum was enough for it to operate.\u00a0 \u00a0Neul offered small, powerful radio modules and the base station.<\/p>\n If you look closely, you can see the NB-IoT specification in the wording. NB-IoT uses only 180 kHz in a free spectrum within the LTE frequency band for 12 channels. The 20 dB greater link budget than GPRS is also found in NB-IoT. Huawei recognised the benefits of Weightless and bought Neul in September 2016 for \u00a325 million. The world’s first NB-IoT chipset called Boudica 100 was launched by Huawei subsidiary Hisilicon in December 2016.<\/p>\n In 2022, we have already progressed to third generation NB-IoT chipset. In the paragraphs that follow we will explain how NB-IoT saves energy.<\/p>\n Power Save Mode PSM\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n