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{"id":1776,"date":"2017-01-26T07:28:08","date_gmt":"2017-01-26T07:28:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/?p=1776"},"modified":"2021-04-20T19:23:50","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T19:23:50","slug":"nb-iot-band-70","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/antenna\/nb-iot-band-70\/","title":{"rendered":"NB-IoT and band 70 \u2013 What is your view?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">NB-IoT and band 70 \u2013 What is your view?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>RF engineers already know that signal propagation characteristics vary according to frequency. In simple terms, signals carried at lower frequencies travel further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"916\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Blog-Wavelength-916x1024.png\" alt=\"wavelength diagram\" class=\"wp-image-1777\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Blog-Wavelength-916x1024.png 916w, https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Blog-Wavelength-480x537.png 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 916px, 100vw\" \/><figcaption><strong>Radio wave and wavelength &#8211; image credit Harald Naumann<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Since wavelength equals the speed of light divided by the period of the carrier signal, we can see that low frequency signals have a long wavelength. Long wavelength, low frequency radio waves are able to diffract over obstacles such as hills and valleys where a line of sight is not possible. They also follow the curvature of the earth leading to extended range. We will see on another blog how the earth\u2019s curvature is related to antenna height and maximum range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This type of signal propagation is called \u201cground wave\u201d. Attenuation of signal strength over distance by absorption into the ground is lower for long wavelength radio waves than it is for high frequency, short wave transmissions. This is why the LPWAN industry is fortunate to have access to sub-1 GHz frequency spectrum \u2013 so called ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands. In the EU these are usually centred around 868 MHz \u2013 around 915 MHz in the US. However, intelligent protocols such as Weightless-P are also able to use 169 MHz and 470MHz with a 12.5 kHz channel bandwidth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Every developer wants the best coverage and range so you\u2019d imagine that the 3GPP community would not be looking to use <em>higher<\/em> frequencies when we have already seen how this compromises signal propagation. Band 70 uses spectrum in the 1695 \u2013 1710 MHz range for uplink and 1995 \u2013 2020 MHz for downlink. The higher frequency compromises range and the large range of frequencies from 1695 \u2013 2020 MHz makes antenna design significantly more complex. In short, why use band 70 in NB-IoT if band 8 and 20 offer so much more range?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20161212005311\/en\/3GPP-Approves-NB-IoT-Support-Band-70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Read more: 3GPP Approves NB-IoT Support for Band 70:<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Egli model is a terrain-based radio propagation model. Based on real world measurements in the first part of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century It tells us that the <strong>Egli free space loss in point to point free space (including a consideration to the curvature of the earth) is given by the formula 10log10 (4 x Pi x distance x 7 \/ c)<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can use the Egli model to look at the differences between the nBioT frequency bands under discussion. &nbsp;We need to set parameters in the Egli model and we have used the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>NB-IoT base station antenna height is 20 meters<\/li><li>NB-IoT end device antenna height is 2 meters<\/li><li>NB-IoT maximum penetration loss = 164 dB<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>NB-IoT coverage<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Frequency (MHz)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Range (km)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Area (km2)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>900<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>16.8<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>868.7<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1800<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>11.9<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>444.9<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2020<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>11.2<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>394.0<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As you can see, if we change the frequency from 900 MHz to 1800 MHz then the covered area is reduced by around 50%. This means that we have to double the number of base stations to cover the same region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s retry the Egli radio propagation model with re-calibrated parameters for Weightless-P:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Egli model with parameters for classic LPWAN and 14 dBm in EU:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>LPWAN base station antenna height = 20 meters<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>LPWAN end device antenna height = 2 meters<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>LPWAN maximum penetration loss = 150 dB (14 dBm Tx &amp; -136 dBm Rx sensitivity)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If we run our LPWAN on 169 MHz instead of 868 MHz then the coverage can be increased from 186 km<sup>2<\/sup> to 940 km<sup>2<\/sup>. With LoRaWAN or Weightless-P, we can achieve a maximum range of estimated 7.7 km. With Weightless-P on 169 MHz, we already achieve 17.3 km. Comparing the coverage then this will increase from 182 km<sup>2<\/sup> to 940 km<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Weightless-P coverage<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>frequency (MHz)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Range (km)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Area (km2)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>169*<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>17.3<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>940.2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>470*<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>10.4<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>339.8<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>868<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>7.7<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>186.2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>900**<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>7.5<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>176.7<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1800**<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>5.3<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>88.2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong><br>* 169 MHz and 470 MHz are limited to 12.5 kHz or 25 kHz bandwidth. In both cases, these bands are not possible for LoRaWAN in the EU where they require 125 kHz bandwidth at the end device.<br>** 900 MHz and 1800 MHz are licensed cellular bands for comparison only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The maximum Tx power in the 169 MHz band is regulated to 500 mW which equates to 27 dBm. This means that the link budget will already be 13 dB higher. However, if we want more coverage for our classic LPWAN then we can simply follow the cellular base station approach and deploy antennas with high gain at the base station end of the link. This is an economical option given that an omnidirectional 9 dBi gain antenna is inexpensive. A higher performance option would be an 18 dBi sector antenna with 3 way splitter. The splitter and the cables derive a small loss but with 18 dB more gain the range at 868 MHz will increase from 7.7 km to 22 km and the coverage will rise from 186 km^2 to 1,520 km^2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Author\u2019s note:&nbsp; This article was originally posted in my other blog and it has been correctly pointed out that in urban areas there will be a requirement for density rather than range which would point to a blended approach to the use of frequencies depending on location.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Which frequency gives the most cost-effective coverage and minimises the number of base stations?  We discuss&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1777,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":1} -->\n<h1>NB-IoT and band 70 \u2013 What is your view?<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>RF engineers already know that signal propagation characteristics vary according to frequency. In simple terms, signals carried at lower frequencies travel further.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":1777,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"http:\/\/www.iot-university.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Blog-Wavelength-916x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1777\"\/><figcaption><strong>Radio wave and wavelength - image credit Harald Naumann<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Since wavelength equals the speed of light divided by the period of the carrier signal, we can see that low frequency signals have a long wavelength. Long wavelength, low frequency radio waves are able to diffract over obstacles such as hills and valleys where a line of sight is not possible. They also follow the curvature of the earth leading to extended range. We will see on another blog how the earth\u2019s curvature is related to antenna height and maximum range.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This type of signal propagation is called \u201cground wave\u201d. Attenuation of signal strength over distance by absorption into the ground is lower for long wavelength radio waves than it is for high frequency, short wave transmissions. This is why the LPWAN industry is fortunate to have access to sub-1 GHz frequency spectrum \u2013 so called ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands. In the EU these are usually centred around 868 MHz \u2013 around 915 MHz in the US. However, intelligent protocols such as Weightless-P are also able to use 169 MHz and 470MHz with a 12.5 kHz channel bandwidth.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Every developer wants the best coverage and range so you\u2019d imagine that the 3GPP community would not be looking to use <em>higher<\/em> frequencies when we have already seen how this compromises signal propagation. Band 70 uses spectrum in the 1695 \u2013 1710 MHz range for uplink and 1995 \u2013 2020 MHz for downlink. The higher frequency compromises range and the large range of frequencies from 1695 \u2013 2020 MHz makes antenna design significantly more complex. In short, why use band 70 in NB-IoT if band 8 and 20 offer so much more range?<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20161212005311\/en\/3GPP-Approves-NB-IoT-Support-Band-70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Read more: 3GPP Approves NB-IoT Support for Band 70:<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The Egli model is a terrain-based radio propagation model. Based on real world measurements in the first part of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century It tells us that the <strong>Egli free space loss in point to point free space (including a consideration to the curvature of the earth) is given by the formula 10log10 (4 x Pi x distance x 7 \/ c)<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>We can use the Egli model to look at the differences between the nBioT frequency bands under discussion. &nbsp;We need to set parameters in the Egli model and we have used the following:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul><li>NB-IoT base station antenna height is 20 meters<\/li><li>NB-IoT end device antenna height is 2 meters<\/li><li>NB-IoT maximum penetration loss = 164 dB<\/li><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>NB-IoT coverage<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Frequency (MHz)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Range (km)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Area (km2)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>900<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>16.8<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>868.7<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1800<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>11.9<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>444.9<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2020<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>11.2<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>394.0<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>As you can see, if we change the frequency from 900 MHz to 1800 MHz then the covered area is reduced by around 50%. This means that we have to double the number of base stations to cover the same region.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Let\u2019s retry the Egli radio propagation model with re-calibrated parameters for Weightless-P:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>Egli model with parameters for classic LPWAN and 14 dBm in EU:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul><li><strong>LPWAN base station antenna height = 20 meters<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>LPWAN end device antenna height = 2 meters<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>LPWAN maximum penetration loss = 150 dB (14 dBm Tx &amp; -136 dBm Rx sensitivity)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>If we run our LPWAN on 169 MHz instead of 868 MHz then the coverage can be increased from 186 km<sup>2<\/sup> to 940 km<sup>2<\/sup>. With LoRaWAN or Weightless-P, we can achieve a maximum range of estimated 7.7 km. With Weightless-P on 169 MHz, we already achieve 17.3 km. Comparing the coverage then this will increase from 182 km<sup>2<\/sup> to 940 km<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Weightless-P coverage<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>frequency (MHz)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Range (km)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Area (km2)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>169*<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>17.3<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>940.2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>470*<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>10.4<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>339.8<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>868<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>7.7<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>186.2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>900**<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>7.5<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>176.7<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1800**<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>5.3<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>88.2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong><br>* 169 MHz and 470 MHz are limited to 12.5 kHz or 25 kHz bandwidth. In both cases, these bands are not possible for LoRaWAN in the EU where they require 125 kHz bandwidth at the end device.<br>** 900 MHz and 1800 MHz are licensed cellular bands for comparison only.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The maximum Tx power in the 169 MHz band is regulated to 500 mW which equates to 27 dBm. This means that the link budget will already be 13 dB higher. However, if we want more coverage for our classic LPWAN then we can simply follow the cellular base station approach and deploy antennas with high gain at the base station end of the link. This is an economical option given that an omnidirectional 9 dBi gain antenna is inexpensive. A higher performance option would be an 18 dBi sector antenna with 3 way splitter. The splitter and the cables derive a small loss but with 18 dB more gain the range at 868 MHz will increase from 7.7 km to 22 km and the coverage will rise from 186 km^2 to 1,520 km^2. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Author\u2019s note:\u00a0 This article was originally posted in my other blog and it has been correctly pointed out that in urban areas there will be a requirement for density rather than range which would point to a blended approach to the use of frequencies depending on location.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[65],"class_list":["post-1776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antenna","tag-nb-iot-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Would you use NB-IoT band 70?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discussing the pros and cons of band 70 for NB-IoT\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/antenna\/nb-iot-band-70\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Would you use NB-IoT band 70?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discussing the pros and cons of band 70 for NB-IoT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/antenna\/nb-iot-band-70\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"akorIoT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-01-26T07:28:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-04-20T19:23:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.akoriot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Blog-Wavelength.png\" \/>\n\t<meta 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